I am pregnant ?

First is the main
Abortion means ending the pregnancy, so this will not lead to the birth of a child. If a woman thinks she is pregnant, but had not done a pregnancy test, it must as soon as possible.

What is abortion legal?
In England, Wales and Scotland abortion is legal than 24 weeks of pregnancy if two doctors agree that it is necessary for the following reasons:

• If the baby would harm women's mental or physical health of more than one miscarriage. This includes a woman tells how she feels about the pregnancy, a doctor.

• If the baby would be harmful to the mental and physical health of children, even though. An abortion is legal at any time during the pregnancy if two doctors agree that:

• The abortion is necessary to the life of the woman or prevent serious permanent injury to her physical or mental health or

• There is a high risk that the baby will be seriously handicapped.

Note that the stage of pregnancy is calculated from the first day of the wife of the last period. Also keep in mind that different laws apply outside England, Wales and Scotland.

How can a woman for abortion?

To abortion of NHS, a woman must be referred by a doctor. This may be your own doctor, doctor or local family planning clinic or streaming Center (in 25s).

If the doctor has a moral opposition to abortion, but it should not be included. However, he or she should explain to their patients and to take action to another doctor.

It is important to act quickly. The earlier a woman decides to abortion, the easier it is to free NHS abortion. Although the normal legal limit for abortion is 24 weeks, it is usually easier to abortion of the NHS, as a woman under 12 weeks pregnant. There is on average 2-4 weeks of waiting for the NHS, so it is easier if a woman is less than 8 weeks pregnant.

Women may only apply to private abortion. Early abortions start around £ 450 and go up to £ 750, or higher, in the later stages. For more information on private abortions, visit our helpful organizations.

Once referred to NHS or private abortion, the woman should attend the consultation in the clinic. Her medical history will be taken, and the nurse or doctor will discuss what will happen.

Under 16s

Young women under 16 can have an abortion, but special rules apply for permission. Flow centers are used to see young people under 16 and may be confidential help.


How abortions are performed?
There are two main methods of early abortion:

• Medical abortion (known as "abortion pill")
  

Medical abortion can be performed in the first 9 weeks of pregnancy. It contains no operation. The woman gave the pill (mifepristone) and 36 to 48 hours later, tablet (prostaglandins) in her vagina. These two drugs end most early pregnancies within the next four hours. It feels like a very heavy and painful period.

This method is not available. Women should contact the referring doctor or this method is available on the NHS in their area.

• Vacuum aspiration (also known as the "method of suktsio)
  

This method is available to 13 weeks of pregnancy. For this procedure, the woman was a general or local anesthesia. In the abortion is carried out through the vagina and is not terminated or seams. The cervix (the entrance to the uterus at the beginning of the vagina) is gently stretched to the pipe to pass through the uterus. After the tube is inserted, only takes a minute to pregnancy by suction. Healthy women take only an hour or so to recover and most go home the same day.

Methods used for later abortions, will depend on the stage of pregnancy. The exact procedure will be explained by a doctor or nurse for the abortion goes ahead.

With abortion should not affect a woman is able to have children in the future.


After abortion

Some women will bleed for several days after the abortion and may have a period of pain, such as pain. "Will be given advice on how to minimize the risk of infection. If bleeding or pain is severe or it has increased temperature or unusual vaginal course, you need a doctor as soon as possible as this could mean that the infection, the treatment.

The woman will have to go to the doctor about one to six weeks after the abortion to ensure that everything is in order.

It is possible to become pregnant again the first time after sex abortion, so that's a good idea to contraception sorted immediately.

A Pap smear is a test used to look for changes in the cells of the cervix that indicate cervical cancer or conditions that may develop into cancer. Pap smear does not diagnose cancer, but they detect 95% of cervical cancer at a stage where they are not visible with the naked eye. They can then be treated and are almost always curable.

Although Pap smear test is not specific for other gynecological problems or sexually transmitted diseases, Pap smears, the presence of abnormal cells that further testing or research would be needed.


When should I get a pap smear?

It is recommended that all women receive a Pap smear is done within 3 years are sexually active or by age 21. Pap smears should be done every year for at least 3 years, and if they are all normal, your health care provider may change your schedule for Pap smear every 2-3 years. Discuss with your health provider what they recommend for a Pap smear schedule as some still encourage them to be made annually.

Even if your health care provider recommends a Pap smear every 2-3 years, you need to your gynecologist every year for pelvic cavity exams, information on women's health issues and breast exams.

Women need a Pap smear in the middle of their monthly cycle or about 10-20 days after the LMP started. At least 2 days before the test, women should avoid anything in the vagina with sexual intercourse, douching, vaginal cream / suppositories or spermicides. These can interfere with the results of the test and cause an abnormal result.


What happens during a pap smear?

As part of your pelvic cavity exam, your doctor will use a small spatula, brush or swab to take a few cells of the cervix. You may feel some discomfort, but it's not painful. The cells are placed on a microscope slide to a lab for results. You can send your doctor a Pap smear without intercourse, douching or not does not make use of all products and / or drugs in the vaginal area for at least two days prior to the investigation.


What do the results of a pap smear mean?

A negative result means that your cervix is normal.

A positive result indicates the presence of abnormal cells. Your doctor may also call this an abnormal Pap. Remember that this is a test, not a diagnosis. A positive result does not prove that you have cancer or dysplasia (pre-cancerous condition). But it usually means that you should have further evaluation, such as a colposcopy (microscope used to see in the womb) or a biopsy (the removal of a small amount of tissue from the cervix). Your doctor will discuss the results with you.

One in ten Pap smears are an exception, but most are not serious. Further testing will be required to determine whether you have an infection, inflammation, infection, trichomonas, herpes or human papilloma virus.

Researchers believe that cervical cancer is directly related to the human papillomavirus (HPV). There are more than 100 different types of HPV in about 30 species which are spread through sexual contact and may lead to cervical cancer. HPV is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer, but most women who receive treatment for abnormal cells caused by HPV, not the development of cervical cancer.

In 2003 the FDA approved a test that can be done in combination with a Pap smear to determine if the HPV virus.The HPV DNA test can detect high risk types of HPV before abnormal cells can be detected on the cervix. This screening is recommended for women over the age of 30, at an increased risk of HPV infection turning in pre-cancerous cells.

Some give a negative Pap smear sample because of recent sexual activity or use of vaginal creams and showers. Whatever the reason, an abnormal Pap Pap smear is different in a few months. With a proper screening, cervical cancer is preventable and should be avoided.
What if I'm pregnant, and I have an abnormal pap smear?

A Pap smear is a routine part of your pre-natal care and does not constitute a risk to the fetus. If you have an abnormal Pap during pregnancy your doctor to discuss treatments that can be safely done during pregnancy, or, depending on the diagnosis, delay treatment until after your baby is born. If your doctor suggests a colposcopy and cervical biopsy, there may be slight bleeding from the outer portion of the uterus, but this is not a serious complication.

If your doctor about an internal biopsy in the endo cervical canal, there may be a slight chance of a pregnancy complication. But your health care provider is your best interests in mind and will only do what is medically necessary.

Your doctor may request additional Pap smears during your pregnancy, if necessary. Many times the birth of your baby will wash away any abnormal cervical cells.


When can a woman stop pap smear performed?

According to the National Cancer Institute, women over the age of 70 years and have a history of regular pap smears are very unlikely that the development of cervical cancer and can discuss the possibility of no further need pap smears. Women who have had a hysterectomy with both the uterus and cervix removed, for reasons not related to cancer, may also have the option of no further need pap smears.


Who should pap smears often?

Women who take immunosuppressive medication or a condition that weakens the immune system to further pap smears. These women need to discuss what kind of pap smear, they should schedule their caregivers.

The type of abortion procedure used in elective pregnancy termination is primarily determined by how far a woman during pregnancy. During the first trimester, you will usually take the possibility of a medical or a surgical termination. Before the various abortion procedures, it is recommended that you have a sonogram to determine whether the pregnancy is viable (uterine, non-ectopic pregnancy) and for a precise date of pregnancy or pregnancy. Call the free helpline at 1-866-942-6466 to discuss your questions about abortion.

What abortion procedures used during the first trimester?

In most cases you will have a choice between medical or surgical abortion during the first trimester. Medical terminations are only available through nine weeks of pregnancy. The types of abortion procedures performed during the first quarter are:

* Methotrexate and misoprostol (MTX) is a medical abortion procedure leading to the first seven weeks of pregnancy.
* Mifepristone and misoprostol: a medical abortion procedure leading to the first seven to nine weeks of pregnancy. It is also referred to as RU-486, the abortion pill and Mifeprex.
* Suction aspiration: a surgical abortion procedure to terminate the pregnancy of 6-12-week pregnancy. It is also referred to as suction curettage or vacuum aspiration Filter.

What abortion procedures used during the second quarter?

Medication based abortion procedures are not an option in the second quarter. The types of abortion procedures performed during the second quarter are:

* Dilation and curettage (D & C): a surgical abortion procedure to terminate a pregnancy of 13-15 weeks of pregnancy. It is also referred to as suction curettage or vacuum aspiration Filter.
* Dilation and evacuation (D & E): a surgical abortion procedure to terminate a pregnancy of 15-21 weeks of pregnancy.
* Induction Abortion: a rarely performed surgical procedure where salt water, urea, or potassium chloride is injected into the amniotic sac, prostaglandins are inserted into the vagina and pitocin is injected intravenously.

What abortion procedures used during the third trimester?

Medication based abortion procedures are not an option during the third quarter. The types of surgical abortion procedures during the third quarter are:

* Induction Abortion: a rare surgical procedure done with salt water, urea, or potassium chloride is injected into the amniotic sac, prostaglandins are inserted into the vagina and pitocin is injected intravenously.
* Dilation and extraction: a surgical abortion procedure to terminate a pregnancy after 21 weeks of gestation. This procedure is also known as D & X, Intact D & X, intra Cranial Decompression and Partial Birth Abortion.

The physical side effects after an abortion will vary from woman to woman. It is important to talk with your Ob/Gyn as well as the doctor who preformed your abortion about possible side effects. Your period should return about 4-6 weeks after the abortion and you can get pregnant again soon after the abortion. If your doctor has prescribed antibiotics, it is important to take them as directed as this will help prevent infection. Call the Helpline toll-free at 1-866-942-6466 with question about abortion.

After an abortion, you may experience the following side effects for up to two weeks:

• Abdominal pain and cramping
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Spotting and Bleeding

Call your doctor and seek medical attention immediately if your side effects become severe or if you experience any of the following:

• Severe abdominal and back pain that prohibits you from standing up
• Bleeding that is heavier than a normal menstrual period
• Foul-smelling discharge
• Fever above 100.4 F

RU-486: Mifepristone (Mifeprex) and misoprostol:

Mifepristone (Mifeprex) and misoprostol medical abortion is a procedure leading to the first seven to nine weeks of pregnancy. It is also referred to as RU-486 or the abortion pill.

• A physical examination is to determine whether you are eligible for medical abortion procedure. You are not eligible if you have any of the following: ectopic pregnancy, ovarian mass, IUD, use of corticosteroids, adrenal failure, anemia, bleeding disorders or the use of blood thinners, asthma, liver or kidney problems, heart and disease, high blood pressure or.

• Mifepristone is administered orally during your first office visit. Mifepristone blocks progesterone from the lining of the womb, the fetus to die. This alone can cause contractions to expel the fetus.

• Misoprostol tablets are given orally or inserted vaginally during the second office visit is 36 to 48 hours later.

• You will return when the misoprostol will start contractions and expel the fetus. This may be within a few hours or in some cases up to two weeks after taking the misoprostol.

• A physical examination and two weeks later to ensure the abortion was complete and that no immediate complications.

The side effects and risks of Mifepristone and misoprostol include the following:

• The procedure is unsuccessful about 8-10% of the time, so an additional surgical abortion procedure for the termination.

• Cramping, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, heavy bleeding, infection

• Not recommended for women with anemia, bleeding disorders, liver or kidney disease, seizure disorder, acute inflammatory bowel disease, or use an intravenous device (IUD).

Using a type of abortion procedure is based on the time of conception are women. Before seeking a surgical procedure of abortion, it) if feasible, pregnancy (to determine ectopic pregnancy outside the uterus, you get a pregnancy test and ultrasound for the accurate dating of pregnancy We recommend. to find more information about abortion services and free ultrasound exams, call for help.

Hope aspiration:
Puncture aspiration is to do?

The suction aspiration abortion procedure, the first being 6-12 weeks during pregnancy. The technique is known as a vacuum suction aspiration.

And pain medicine in preparation for the abortion provider may give you misoprostol. Use the mirror on the back and feet in the stirrups, the position will be inserted to open the vagina. Has been given a local anesthetic into the cervix. Then, the cone-shaped bar extends to the cervix are used to hold the cervix with tenaculum. Cannula is connected to a suction device in a plastic tube long enough cervix is inserted into the uterus by suctioning the size, placenta and fetus. The procedure typically lasts 10-15 minutes, you need to stay in the clinic for several hours to recover.

Suction aspiration risk of side effects and how?

Common side effects following the procedure, most women, nausea, sweating and cramps, and experience, feeling faint.

Including the possibility of prolonging the bleeding and less frequent side effects, blood clotting, cervical, uterine perforation damage. Standard products for the preservation of the infectious disease caused by bacterial infection and pregnancy and the uterus, pain, scar tissue that can be introduced to cause fever and abdominal tenderness.
If the side effects immediately contact your health care provider, or worsen.

Expansion and curettage (D & C):
Dilation and curettage I do it?

Dilation and curettage, the surgical abortion procedure, the first is 12-15 weeks during pregnancy. Similar to the introduction of vacuum suction curette a dilation and curettage. Spoon, scrape the lining of the long, knife-shaped loop is the length of the fetus from the uterus and placenta. You may insert a suction tube in the final. This procedure is usually possible to stay in five-hour lasts 10 minutes.

And extend the risk of side effects and how curettage?

Except for side effects of suction aspiration and dilation and curettage, and will only increase the chance for perforation of the uterus, is described above.

Immediately if symptoms persist, please contact the medical provider, or worsen.

Expansion and evacuation (D & E):
And evacuation is extended to them?

Expansion of the evacuation procedure and abortion have been 15-21 during the week of pregnancy. In most cases, 24 hours, when the actual procedure to insert a dilator PUROBAIDAKONBU and synthesis in the uterus of abortion. How, when the start of the next day, your provider, place the cone cervical abortion, clamp to keep the uterus in tenaculum has been used to continue the expansion process of increasing the size of rod-like .

Distance of the cannula, is inserted to start the removal of tissue from the lining. Using a spoon, the lining is to remove the residual theft. If necessary, you may be used to remove a large portion of forceps. The final step is the ultimate aspiration is to be removed completely to normal.

Instructions, usually about 30 minutes. Some clinics may proceudre run, it usually is set to run at high risk for complications in hospitals. Usually, we are considering to ensure all of the fetal remains were removed to abortion has been completed.

And extend the risk of side effects and what evacuation?

Common side effects for most women, the bleeding has included the following: nausea may cramp the week. In rare cases, however, the additional risk associated with the evacuation and the extension of the following: the cervix and endometrium, uterus, perforation of the damage of infection is blood clotting.

Immediately if symptoms persist, please contact the medical provider, or worsen.

Induced abortion:
Induced abortion is performed?

Guidance, saline solution to end the survival rate of abortion, urea, potassium chloride using the procedure. Your provider will be administered intravenously to abortion vaginal prostaglandins and Pitocin is inserted. Kelp is usually inserted to start the expansion of the cervix. This procedure is rare and usually only when used, occurs when the fetus or the woman of the disease and medical problems.

What side effects of induced abortion?

Side effects and extended the evacuation, which is similar to the injection of saline or other drugs by mistake is rare that the mother's bloodstream. You may also experience excessive bleeding and cramps.

Immediately if symptoms persist, please contact the medical provider, or worsen.

Extraction and expansion:
To perform the extraction and expansion?

Pregnancy and the expansion of extraction method is used after 21 weeks. Of D & X procedure, intact D & X, is known as partial-birth abortion and intrauterine cranial decompression. Step two days ago, has been inserted into the vagina to dilate the cervix kelp. Your water broke the first three days are not, should be returned to the clinic. Rotated and forceps to grasp the fetus through the birth canal feet are used to pull the shoulder and arm. It is made to allow the suction catheter into a small incision in the skull base. Catheter is removed the substance of the brain, the skull to collapse. After the baby is completely removed.

Whether it is related to the expansion and the removal of side effects and risks?

Evacuation is the same as an extension of side effects. However, it has increased the opportunity for additional emotional problems for further development of the fetus.

Immediately if symptoms persist, please contact the medical provider, or worsen.

Physical recovery after an abortion

These instructions are for recovery after a surgical abortion. Most of them apply to a chemical (medical) abortion as well. Okay, so you just have an abortion? What physical evidence should you look? What can you do it for yourself then as well on your back? What about fertility? How fast can you get pregnant again?

To the care of yourself - Basic things you can do:

1. Drink lots of water

2. Stay away from work for a few days, if you can

3. Take vitamins, eat healthy food, and try to sleep

4. Take the antibiotic prescribed by your doctor immediately, and for the full amount of days required!

5. No exercise for two weeks

6. No swimming pools or bath for 2 weeks

7. Not lift anything over 15 pounds for two weeks, do not use ANYTHING vaginally for 2-4 weeks - no sex, no tampons, no showers.

8. You can ovulate as soon as two weeks after an abortion, which means yes, you could get pregnant again within two weeks after an abortion!

9. After 2-4 weeks, you may not have sex unless you again feel physically recovered, and have discussed with your partner what you want to do if an unplanned pregnancy occurs again. Do not be under pressure in sex again before you physically and emotionally ready, and had a serious discussion about the direction for the future unplanned pregnancies. You can pregnant as soon as two weeks after an abortion! Your body will usually go back to the regular cycle, and an egg (ovulation) at 2 weeks post-ab. So if you decide you're ready to resume sexual intercourse again, make sure you are using birth control immediately. As many of us know, birth is not 100% effective. So it's very important that you do not have sex until you are healed physically and emotionally, and you have a clear consensus on what will happen if you become pregnant again unexpectedly.

10. For women who have abortions for maternal health reasons or poor prenatal diagnosis, consult your doctor about birth control and future pregnancies.

11. If you have more than 9 weeks into the pregnancy, it is possible that you may have problems with milk or a milk-like fluid leaks from your breasts after the abortion. The further along you were, the higher the chance that your milk will ". This is sad, but it will not last long. It is a normal functioning of hormones that your body releases when you no longer pregnant. These hormones make you body begins to produce milk if a pregnancy is terminated. May your breasts feel sore, tight, swollen and leaking drops of clear whitish liquid. At times when the milk "let down" and a considerable amount of fluid can come. To help with this stage, wearing a bra well-fitting/snug, and try to prevent the stimulation of your breasts and nipples. Wear the bra 24 hours a day until your milk dries up. It may be one to four weeks for the milk to dry. It will not be as painful as the initial feeling when the milk in first - the milk is' used 'the pressure on the milk channels milk to' dry '. Keep cozy contribute appropriate bra, and take Tylenol for the soreness, and it will disappear. If you have fever or extreme sensitivity to any of your breasts, a doctor - there is also a condition where your milk glands may be contaminated, and will be treated with antibiotics. (This is a rare complication).

12. Visit the newly Abortion Support governance, or the medical Questions and Problems of Directors to discuss each of these topics in more detail: Forum Index

How important is that 2-week check-up then?
It is very important! Why?

* It is important that a doctor check and make sure that no infection in your womb.

* It is important to see if you cure

* It is important to see that your cervix is closed completely - it takes two weeks or longer after an abortion. Once your cervix has returned to normal 'closed', then it is safe for you to swim, take a bath, have intercourse, ect. When your cervix is still open, there is a chance that bacteria can get into your uterus, causing painful and potentially harmful infections.

* It is important to ensure that the abortion was complete. Sometimes there are cases in which tissue is still preserved - it can be a "missed abortion" or an "incomplete abortion." This is a serious matter when it happens, and usually you must immediately subjected to a D & C to remove the remaining tissue.

Not escape the control, it could lead to severe pain and complications later! Some women have stated that they can not to return to the clinic over the two week check-up. That's okay, then call your regular gyn doctor and tell him that you need a check-up immediately. When you tell him that you have had an abortion, they will press to go back to the same clinic that performed the abortion for the audit. Because malpractice issues, doctors are reluctant to follow up on other doctor's work - but firmly that you can not go back to the clinic, and you have to be seen. They tell you they can not see, but his company, and say that you do not always return to the clinic, for your own personal reasons - and insist that the doctor see. If the doctor refuses, then call a new doctor of your health plan, or the yellow pages. Tell this new doctor that you have just switched insurance and must be seen.

Complain of pain, bleeding and cramping and once you are with the doctor, can you tell the truth about what is going on. A doctor will see you there. Just remember that for insurance purposes, they will try as hard as they can to help you return to the clinic. If you do not want to go back to press you a doctor, that you will see.

Do not let them bully you simply ignore your check-up. Previously, I was very shy to say what my doctors about my abortions - when I finally told the truth, I was surprised that he did not comment on all and only pointed out the graph. For some reason I was expecting a lecture, or of the ruling or criticism - instead it was nothing, that is how doctors should respond. Most of them are very non-subjective, and inappropriate comments will not tell you when you had an abortion.

Unplanned pregnancy and abortion Care

Introduction

For many women, obtaining a positive pregnancy test can be significant. But for others, an unexpected and unplanned pregnancy is welcome news. The purpose of this brochure is to help you know what your options and your rights if the pregnancy is not planned. It also deals with some of the questions often asked about having an abortion. Despite the fact that about 160,000 abortions are performed in England and Wales each year, there is very little good information and a lot of misinformation about abortion.

Emergency contraception

If you had sex without using contraception, or if the condom broke, pregnancy can be prevented if you act quickly. Emergency pills can be taken to three days after unprotected sex, or an IUD can be fitted to five days. Emergency contraception is available from your doctor, family planning clinics, and most of genito-urinary medicine (GUM) clinics or sexual health clinics.

Missed a period?

If you have missed and think you might be pregnant, you must have a pregnancy test as soon as possible. You may agree with some of the early signs of pregnancy such as swollen breasts, fatigue or ill feeling, especially in the morning, but not all pregnant women have these symptoms. You can also use these symptoms if you are not pregnant. And sometimes when you are pregnant, there is still some bleeding or spotting at the time of an expected period. It is important to have a pregnancy test done so you can start thinking about what to do.

Pregnancy tests

Pregnancy tests differ in how quickly they can detect a pregnancy. Some tests can tell when your period is one day too late (although it is recommended to wait for a period of five days). You can pregnancy test done at various locations:

• Your doctor should be able to service the same day pregnancy tests. Some health authorities no longer do pregnancy unless a medical reason to do so. Make sure you know how long it will be before the result.

• Your local charitable clinic (see section). The fee is £ 10 - £ 12, but under 25s can get a free test centers Brook.

• You can buy a home kit of the pharmacist. This cost £ 8 - £ 10. It is best to buy one to two tests. The tests are reliable if instructions are followed carefully. If a test is negative, but you still have not had a period of one week later, repeat the test.

If you are pregnant and know how

Even if you expect a positive can be quite a shock. Deciding what to do can not be easy. Maybe you want to talk with someone - your friends, your family, your partner or family doctor can help. If you prefer not to talk with one of them, can you advice and guidance and information from various centers, including the organizations listed in the section. You can also call women's health, which might indicate someone you can talk. At present, there are three options for you:

1. You may want to continue the pregnancy. The Ministry of Social Security and / or the Council Housing Department can advise you on housing and benefits. You need to arrange things early. It is important to your doctor to arrange antenatal care. There is a useful book called Who's your baby? Who explains what you are entitled to. (See the section.)
2. You may decide to pregnancy, but if the possibility of the baby for adoption. Your doctor or local social service can advise you. You can also provide information and assistance of the British Agencies for adoption and promotion, Skyline House, 200 Union Street, London SE1 0LX. Tel: 020 7593 2000.
3. You can have an abortion. The rest of this leaflet gives you basic information about having an abortion, and where to go to get help if this is your decision.

Risks and complications of abortion

Before abortion was legal in 1967, women had to move to the back streets for abortion. They are seriously endangering their lives and health drinks and dangerous instruments. After the 1967 Abortion Act, abortion is a safe surgical procedure with a low incidence of complications. But it must still be seen in the context of all the operations - a medical operation some element of risk.

The majority of abortions are performed early, 88% were done under 12 weeks in 1995. Early abortions (up to 12/14 weeks by vacuum aspiration or medical abortion using mifepristone) are safe, simple and fast and have a low complication rate.

The risk associated with abortion depends on many factors: how many weeks pregnant woman, her age, the nature of the operation, whether and how often she is pregnant and her general health. Another important factor is the skill of the doctor performing the operation. If abortions are performed by experienced staff to a comprehensive abortion services, the risk of complications is much reduced.

The most common complication is infection. Other, less common, problems were retained fetal tissue and perforation of the womb (uterus). On average, women on January 1 in 50 chance of a minor infection and January 1 in 200 chance of a major infection. Two to three percent of women have a problem that results in the adoption of the hospital or clinic. In most cases, abortions after 14 weeks in the NHS, and after about 18 weeks in a non-NHS clinics, to spend on (inducing) work. Later abortions have a higher complication rate. Between 13 and 18 weeks the risks are twice that of early abortion after 18 weeks and carry three times the risk.

The incidence of problems is greatly reduced in recent years through the use of prostaglandins. These are hormones that cause the uterus to close and open the cervix. In young women, 15-16 year olds, an abortion prostaglandins are less risky to the cervix than a surgical abortion (called a D & E), because the cervix is much more difficult to dilate surgically. The main risks of late abortions bleeding, damage to the uterus and infection.

The percentage of deaths as a result of early abortion is about 1 in 100,000 in this country. Comparing it to the maternal mortality, abortion is eight to ten times safer than childbirth.

Abortion and infertility

Unless a serious infection occurs, there is no evidence that abortions affect future fertility, the cause of stillbirth, ectopic pregnancies, low birth weight babies or birth defects. Some studies indicate a slightly increased risk of late miscarriage in subsequent pregnancies, caused by 'cervical incompetence "- the cervix can not remain closed during pregnancy. But abortion techniques have improved, this should happen less and less. There is also no evidence that repeated abortions carry an increased risk of most problems, although some studies show a slightly higher risk of miscarriage. There is now a greater awareness of sexually transmitted diseases such as chlamydia (a bacterial infection) and their effect on fertility. Screening for abortion, and a course of antibiotics if necessary, cut the incidence of infection-related infertility.

Caring for yourself after an abortion is important and any problems should be reported to your doctor or clinic immediately to reduce long-term effects on reproductive health.

Anti-abortionists claim that abortion have serious side effect, in order to deter women from terminating an unwanted pregnancy. This is scaremongering and very unethical. The relatively low risks associated with abortion should always be considered in relation to the risks of continuing an unwanted pregnancy. Only women themselves can judge it.

Cramping During Pregnancy

Cramping during pregnancy can be very concerning to a pregnant mother. Cramping can be mild to severe. Cramps can be a signal of a problem or just another sign of a stretching and growing uterus. The question then arises, should I be concerned about cramping? We hope to clarify some of the common causes of cramping during pregnancy.

Causes of Cramping During Your First Trimester

1. Implantation cramping - Some women will experience cramping upon implantation. Implantation usually occurs 8-10 days after ovulation. You should not experience implantation cramping after a positive pregnancy test, however many a woman has experienced cramping only to find that she is indeed pregnant shortly there after.

2. Stretching uterus - As your body prepares for it's new baby your uterus will stretch and expand. The ligaments that support the uterus will stretch and with this stretching may cause mild cramps.

3. Miscarriage - Cramping during early pregnancy, especially accompanied by spotting or bleeding, is a warning sign of a possible miscarriage.

4. Ectopic pregnancy - Ectopic pregnancy is a serious condition and requires immediate medical attention. Signs of an ectopic pregnancy include cramping and abdominal pain (particularly on one side), spotting, or bleeding.

5. Other causes of cramping during early pregnancy - constipation or gas pains. Pregnant women often have problems with constipation. This can lead to uncomfortable cramping as well.

Causes of Cramping During Your Second & Third Trimester

1. Round ligament pain - The infamous round ligament pain strikes pregnant women often in their second and third trimester. As in early pregnancy the uterus continues to stretch and grow. As the uterus expands the ligaments stretch to support it. Mild cramping may occur.

2. Preterm labor - Cramping, mild or severe, diarrhea, and back pain can all be indicators of preterm labor.

3. Braxton Hicks contractions - In the second and third trimester pregnant women will often have Braxton Hicks contractions. Braxton Hicks contractions are the irregular intermittent contractions that occur during pregnancy.

4. Labor - During early labor cramping and back pain are common symptoms.

Because normal cramping can be hard to differentiate from a sign of danger, we recommend discussing any cramping with your doctor.

Chiropractic care is wellness care that focuses on the spine, discs, related nerves and bone structure without using medication or surgery. The practice uses the science of adapting wrong joints of the body for spinal nerve stress and ultimately improve the health of the body.

Chiropractic care is safe during pregnancy?

Chiropractic treatments have no known problems with the care of women who are pregnant. Chiropractors receive training in their programs to learn how to work with women who are pregnant, and many have advanced training. This gives the names of chiropractors have taken advanced steps in working with infertility and pregnancy wellness.

• DACCP - Diplomate with ICPA reflecting the highest level of training

• FICPA - Fellow ICPA reflective with advanced training

• Member of ICPA reflecting special interest

• Webster Certified - specificaly trained to work with breech position
  

Chiropractors may use special tables fit for a pregnant woman's body, and they will use techniques that prevent unnecessary pressure on the abdomen.

A chiropractor who trusted the needs of women who are pregnant will you with exercises and stretches that are safe to use during pregnancy and compliment any adjustments made to your spine.

Why should I have Chiropractic care during pregnancy?

Each woman will be a number of physiological and endocrinological changes during her pregnancy in preparation for creating the environment for the developing baby. The changes could lead to an error spine or jointly:

• Excellent abdomen and increased back curve

• Basin changes

• Postural adjustments
  

Establishing pelvic cavity balance and alignment is another reason for Chiropractic care during pregnancy. When the pelvis is misaligned, the amount of space available for the developing baby. This restriction is called intra restriction. A wrong pond can also make it difficult for the baby to get the best possible position for delivery.

The nervous system is the master of all communication systems, including the body of the reproductive system. Keep the back bound helps the whole body work more efficiently.
What are the benefits of Chiropractic care during pregnancy?

Chiropractic care during pregnancy can bring women who are pregnant. Some of the benefits that can be experienced include:

* Maintain a healthy pregnancy
* Control of the symptoms of nausea
* Reducing the time of the labor and delivery
* Relieving back, neck or joint pain
* Prevent a potential cesarean section

What is Chiropractic care and breech deliveries?

The late Larry Webster, DC, founder of the International Chiropractic Pediatric Association, developed a specific Chiropractic analysis and adjustment chiropractors to balance the pregnant woman and pelvic reduce unnecessary stress to her uterus and supporting ligaments. This balanced state in the pelvis makes it easier for a breech baby to turn course. The technique is known as the Webster Technique.

It is regarded by some as normal for a baby to present breech until the third quarter. Most birth practitioners are not concerned with breech presentations until a patient is 37 weeks along. Approximately 4% of all pregnancies result in a breech presentation.

The Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics reported in the July / August 2002 a 82% success rate of babies turning vertex when doctors of chiropractic used the Webster Technique. Furthermore, the results of the study suggest that it might be useful for carrying out the Webster Technique as the 8th month of pregnancy when a woman has a breech presentation.

Currently, the International Chiropractic Pediatric Association recommends that women receive Chiropractic care during pregnancy to establish pelvic cavity balance and optimize the room a baby on the development during pregnancy. With a balanced pelvis, babies have a greater chance to be in the right position for birth, and the crisis and concerns related to breech and posterior presentations may be avoided altogether. Optimal positioning baby at the time of birth also eliminates the potential for dystocia (difficult labor) and therefore results in easier and safer deliveries for both the mother and baby.

Your next steps:

• Talk to your health care provider on Chiropractic care or other alternative interventions.

• Uninsured? Get free info from the Maternity Insurance Card discount for chiropractic care.
  

Talk to Your Health Care Provider:

If more women are seeking the benefits of Chiropractic care during pregnancy, more trained health care providers like doctors of chiropractic in their communities to pay their pregnant patients. Discuss this with your health insurance options. If they are not yet familiar with chiropractic care during pregnancy, ask them to learn more about the many benefits. More importantly, seek options that your body's natural ability to work and a team of providers that are respectful of your choices.

Dizziness is a sign of pregnancy?

Some women experience dizziness in early pregnancy. But in general, dizziness in pregnancy is usually in the second or third trimester. Dizziness is not a classic symptom of pregnancy. Typical symptoms of pregnancy one or more missed periods (amenorrhea), breast tenderness, nausea or vomiting, and urinary frequency.

What causes dizziness in early pregnancy?

During pregnancy, blood volume (the volume of blood in the body), thirty percent. Conversely, lung capacity (or how much air the lungs can) five percent. This can lead to symptoms of shortness of breath and sometimes dizziness.

Other causes of dizziness

Orthostatic hypotension, low blood pressure that occurs when you select from a sitting position to standing (or lying position to sitting position), is a frequent cause of dizziness. Low blood sugar and inner ear infections are another cause of dizziness.

If you use a home pregnancy test and two lines (or a plus sign, depending on brand and type of test), you must assume that means you are pregnant. Because home pregnancy tests claim an accuracy of over 99%. But if you have no time for all parents or pregnancy website, you've probably seen a person claims to have a positive test to find out later it was a false positive. How can this be true, a 99% accuracy, and yet women are entitled to a false positive. There are several reasons why a woman can produce a positive result on a pregnancy test a house if they do not become pregnant.

1. Tests

Tests may lead to false positive results. When a home pregnancy test, it is very important to arrive before the test. Your home pregnancy test instructions if test results should be interpreted as a test and the results are no longer valid. Some tests will be a weak positive test result read after the instructed time. You should have a clock or a clock and take the time you test and read results on instructional time. Guess how long it has been conducting the tests may lead to false results. Three minutes, but like twenty minutes, and conversely, if you will be very interested to find out whether you expect.

Another problem that often arises when the test goes back to "verify" your results. Disappointed with a negative result at 3 minutes (or 5 minutes apart, depending on test), a woman can return again to see if they could not see that for the first time positively. Some women will go so far as to dig this test from the trash "just to be safe." This is probably one of the biggest causes of false positive results. Home pregnancy tests must always be read at the appointed time for accurate results.

2. Evaporation Rate Lines

Some home pregnancy tests were taken by women with an evaporation line. If you stare at and inspect a home pregnancy test close, it is possible for some tests to see how the test is. If the urine in the test runs can quickly change the color associated with the test, so women find the test even more. To try to be positive should change color and have a colored line on the sample can be determined. In some tests, you will be able to see what best describe as a watermark, similar to how you respond to a U.S. Dollar bill, when in light. If there is no color, or you have to grossly manipulate light to monitor a line, it could be an evaporation line. Repeat in a few days or a digital tests is recommended.

3. Home pregnancy test interference

Certain medications such as phenothiazine, the test results. Women hCG therapy in the treatment of luteal phase defect, or other fertility problems should consult their doctor at home, the accuracy of pregnancy and study of tests carried out. Sometimes the urine may be associated with blood or gross amount of the protein leads to erroneous results.

4. Certain diseases can cause false positive results.

If you have a positive outcome from a home pregnancy test, it is important to follow up with your doctor for medical advice. Although not common, certain rare diseases can cause a positive result on a home pregnancy test. Certain types of cancers such as choriocarcinoma (an extremely rare form of cancer normally in the womb) may be an increase in hCG levels, and certain forms of breast, ovarian or testicular cancer leading to a false positive result.

5. Faulty pregnancy test

Expired or bad test home pregnancy tests can also lead to false positive results. Always check the expiration date before the test to ensure accurate results. Remember that even with the highest quality control, sometimes flawed testing can occur.

If you are positive and are in doubt about the results of home pregnancy tests, contact your doctor.

Yes, for some women headaches can be very annoying and even harder during early pregnancy. Other symptoms of pregnancy are nausea, fatigue, sore breasts, and increased urination.

Many migraine patients find relief from headaches during pregnancy, bt a small percentage of women actually lead to a deterioration of symptoms during pregnancy.

It is not known what causes headaches during pregnancy, but most are safe, either through medication or other supportive treatments. Please consult your doctor before taking any medication.

If you suspect you are pregnant, a pregnancy test is the best way to confirm pregnancy.

I feel nausea. Can I be pregnant?

Nausea and vomiting, better known under the name of the disease early in the pregnancy. If you miss a time, and you know, nausea or vomiting, you may very well be that the pregnancy. Morning sickness occurs in about 70% of the pregnancy.

How can I at the beginning of nausea during pregnancy?

Morning sickness usually begins sometimes between four to eight weeks and the subsidies of 16 weeks. Some women suffer from the disease very early in the morning. Even before a pregnancy test.

What are the causes of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy?

The cause of morning sickness are not well understood. Conviction is that the high estrogen, progesterone and hCG in the body.
The treatment of nausea and vomiting at the beginning of pregnancy

Normally, conservation measures, like eating toast or biscuits before they are out of bed is recommended. If the morning is a serious disease, your doctor supply of medicines in May. Ask your doctor before taking medicines.

Perhaps you are secretly glad that fear to say, but your man Maybe you're not married, and fear of motherhood alone. Maybe you do not want more children, and the prospect of another child is the worst thing you can imagine now. There are many scenarios that are up to unplanned pregnancies. Errors in sentencing happen, condoms break, birth control pills, even Tubal League Center and vasectomies not.

When the first shock to discover that you are pregnant, you have some difficult decisions to face. Would you like this pregnancy, how can you tell your friends and family, how do you do with the emotions and stresses that people on you. The first thing you should do is try not to panic. Although this may be an extreme hardship, in reality you will have time to make a decision. Try to take some time for yourself and about your options. They are not the first parent is not thrilled at the news of a new baby. Try not to beat yourself. Responsibility for your actions but wallowing in guilt is not helping the situation. Before you apply for any of your decision, take some time to decide what you want to do. If you do not want this child, an abortion, or an assumption is that your decision and talk to someone about the situation may cloud your mind. Yes, your partner, you may wish to participate in decisions, ultimately, you are a person you have to live with your choices. Try to make some plans in mind about what you want to do before you talk with everyone.

When you have time to think about things, and collect yourself, you can some advice from friends, family, or perhaps a minister. Find someone who you know will support your decision to trust in. They need help at this time. You do not want to be surrounded by people who found you on your mistakes or pressure you to do what they want. Surround yourself with a group. If you do not have one to help you from supporting groups in this situation. If you do not have plans to get an abortion, you can use to control groups, such as this and perhaps find a faith support group.

Finally, some people. You do not need to tell anyone and you can tell people about it in your own time. Your partner may not be the first person you want to say and that is okay. When you are ready, a time to sit down and talk with him. The longer you are with him, the more difficult it becomes. Sometimes it's easier to say earlier, and led him to the situation than to wait for him and not tell him angry before. Regardless if you think he is unhappy is difficult to tell him the news. Prepare yourself for the reactions and when you're ready, just him. There are no right words to say. Try to avoid guilt or blame. This situation does not happen with just one person. It is not all your fault or all his fault. It is a joint responsibility that the two of you to do.

If your partner, friends and family are initially not support that's okay. It is not their life or their pregnancy. You are not those who have to live with your decision. You are. Try not to let unwanted comments get to. You can use humor to ease the mood. If you are excited about this and they are not, to share your enthusiasm. You can use I statements to let them know how you feel. If others do not respect your decision and has nothing positive to offer, you can simply explain that the discussion is off limits and refuse to talk about it with them. Whatever your choice may be, in the end it is your decision.

These days it is very easy to test at home whether you are pregnant or not - you can use home pregnancy test kits, which are explained in this article.

Home pregnancy tests will detect a hormone called hCG in your urine if you are pregnant. You can either buy a kit and do it yourself, or visit a health professional to have a test done.

How does a home pregnancy test work?

Home pregnancy tests (HPTs) have absorbent sticks or cards that test your urine. There are two main types of test kit - one which is a stick that you hold in your urine flow whilst sitting on the toilet (this is called a midstream urine test), or one where you collect some urine in a small container and then dip the tester in.

The tester detects human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG - a hormone of pregnancy) in your urine if you are pregnant. When a woman becomes pregnant the placenta will start producing hCG within 6 - 10 days of conception. The level of this hormone increases rapidly, doubling every 1 to 2 days until it peaks after about 10 to 12 weeks.

Most kits need you to hold the stick in the urine for 5 - 10 seconds, and will give you the result within one to two minutes.

test_1.jpg The stick testers usually have two little windows which are empty / blank initially.The first window will show a line to indicate that you have used the tester correctly so that it has absorbed enough urine. The second window will show a line if there is hCG present and you are pregnant - this is called a positive result. If you are not pregnant, this window will be blank - this is called a negative result.

How early can I test to see whether I am pregnant?

Most home pregnancy test kits can be used from the day that your period is due. Some tests, however, can detect a pregnancy starting from 4 days before your period is due.

Each kit can detect different levels of hCG in your urine - most commonly the kits begin detecting hCG at 25 mIu/mL. At the time of writing, there is one kit on the New Zealand market which can detect hCG as low as 15 mIu/mL - this brand is called Discover and is effective from up to four days before your period is due

The levels of hCG in your urine are highest first thing in the morning when you go to the toilet after waking up. However, the modern test kits are now so sensitive that they are able to detect hCG at any time of the day. Just remember not to drink lots of fluid before taking the test - this will dilute the amount of hCG in your urine.

Remember that a negative test does not always mean that you are not pregnant - you may just have conducted the test too early, i.e. before there was enough hCG in your urine. If your period does not arrive within the next 7 days, repeat the test - it is for this reason that tests are often purchased as packs of two.

A positive test, however, is 99% accurate (but be aware that a false positive could be caused by a recent miscarriage or fertility drugs).

You can find pregnancy test kits at your local pharmacy or supermarket or at an online store. From our research, the Kiwi Families team has discovered that:

* Pharmacies have the greatest range of choice but are the most expensive, although you can get helpful advice from the staff or pharmacist.
* Supermarkets have very little choice, but have the cheapest prices. However, there is no-one to give you any advice.
* Online stores have a good range of choices and cheap to reasonable prices; they give you detailed information on site and you can ask questions of their customer support services.

Here is a list of the home pregnancy test kits most commonly available in New Zealand with some indicative price ranges:

Brand Name of Home Pregnancy Test	hCG Level Required	Single	Double	Method of Testing
Clearblue	50	$11 - 23	$15 - 30	Midstream
Crystal Clear	25	$15 - 18	$25 - 26	Midstream
Crystal Clear	25	$14 - 15	$17 - 19	Collect urine
Discover	15	$14 - 19	$17 - 26	Midstream
First Response	25	$ 6 - 8	-	Collect urine
QuickCard	25	$12 -17	$19 - 20	Midstream
QuickStick	25	$10 -15	$18 - 19	Collect urine

The prices in the above table were found by surveying a group of online stores, pharmacies and supermarkets.

We found that prices varied dramatically; as a general overview, supermarkets were cheapest, followed by online stores, and the pharmacies were most expensive.

If you use an online store you would then need to factor in the cost of delivery and the time delay in getting your test kit.

If you want to know the result quickly, it might be better to nip down the road to your local pharmacy or supermarket!

There are a number of ways you can save money when buying a pregnancy test kit. Here are our hot money-saving tips:

1. Shop at a supermarket.

2. Buy a test strip or card system where you collect urine in a sample cup and dip the tester into the cup - these are the cheapest sort of testers.

3. Buy in bulk - if you buy a pack of two (or three) testers, it will be a lot cheaper than buying two singles.

Many women find that they need to use two test kits; for example, if you test and get a negative result because the hCG levels are low, but your period still does not arrive, then you will want to test again in a about a week when the hCG levels have risen further and are detectable on the tester.

For this reason it is more economical to buy a double pack than it is to buy two singles. Also, be aware that these kits last for up to 3 years - the long expiry date therefore gives you lots of opportunities to use the second tester!

After extensive research, we have found some real bargains for you (these rates were current as at 31 December 2006):

• the cheapest single test kit was the First Response (urine collection) tester, for $5.65 at PaknSave;

• the cheapest double test kit was the Quickstick (urine collection) tester, for $13.95 at Baby4You (see link below) - this gives a per tester rate of $6.98;

• for a real bargain, check out the triple (3) tester kits - we found two of these;

• Quickcard (urine collection) triple tester for $15.95 from Baby4You, giving a per unit rate of $5.32.

• First Response (urine collection) triple tester for $11.99 at PaknSave, giving a per tester rate of $3.99.

Most woman want to be sure that they pick the best pregnancy test available - after all, this is not the time when you want to make a mistake through using a sub-standard product!

The factors that make for the best pregnancy tests are as follows:

• Accuracy - in New Zealand the Ministry of Health (www.medsafe.govt.nz) ensures that all test kits meet the requirement of being at least 99% accurate. You can therefore be assured that any test kit you buy will be highly reliable.
  

• Speed - when you are worried or excited about a pregnancy test result, you want the answer quickly! All the test kits on the New Zealand market will give you the result within 1 to 2 minutes of taking the test.
  

• Ease of use - all of the modern test kits are very easy to use. The midstream urine ones are particularly easy, and in fact are known as easy to use pregnancy tests (EPTs). They have clear instructions, and most use a very simple "line" system that gives you a definitive negative or positive result.
  

• Cost - if you want to keep the costs down then it is best to buy your test kit online or from a supermarket - prices at pharmacies are much more expensive. Our research has uncovered some particularly cheap kits at Pak n Save - see the section above on Costs.
  

• Early use - probably the most important factor for many women is "how early can you use the test"? The kits on the market these days are known as early pregnancy test kits. This is because they can be used as soon as your period is due, or in some cases 4 days prior. The key factor here is how much hCG they can detect. Most kits in New Zealand can detect 25 mIu/mL, but at the time of writing there is one kit that can detect a pregnancy at only 15 mIu/mL of hCG - this brand is called Discover and is effective from up to four days before your period is due.

So which is the best pregnancy test kit? Well, that will really depend upon your individual circumstances, budget and preferences. Here's the Kiwi Families summary of the situation for you:

1. If cost is important, buy a First Response kit from Pak n Save;
2. If ease of use is important, pick any midstream urine test kit;
3. If you want the earliest possible test, pick a Discover kit;
4. If you want privacy and discretion, buy a kit by mail order from an online store.

And good luck from the Kiwi Families team - we all hope you get the test result you are hoping for!

There is no special diet that will help you get pregnant. However, if you are considering pregnancy, you should eat a balanced diet and take a vitamin and mineral supplement that includes at least 0.4 milligrams (400 micrograms) of folic acid. Folic acid reduces the risk of birth defects, especially problems with the baby’s spine, such as spina bifida. You should also avoid vitamins with high doses of Vitamin A. Steer clear of herbal supplements, because we don’t have good studies on safety of herbs in pregnancy.

If you drink alcohol or use drugs, you should stop before you get pregnant to protect your developing baby. You should also cut down on caffeine when you are trying to get pregnant. Women who consume more than 250 mg of caffeine – about 2 cups of coffee, or 5 cans of soda -- a day may have a harder time getting pregnant, and may increase their risk of miscarriage.

It’s also best to limit the amount of fish that you eat. Seafood contains methyl mercury, which in large quantities can cause birth defects. The FDA recommends that women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant consume no more than 12 ounces of fish a week, and avoid large ocean fish such as shark and tilefish. Tuna has higher levels of mercury. You should limit your tuna intake to one can of white tuna or one tuna steak per week, or two cans of light tuna per week.

To ensure you are getting all the nutrients you and your baby need, it's best to discuss your nutritional needs with your health care provider before you become pregnant, and again during your pregnancy.

Modern genetics allows us to understand how genetic diseases are inherited based on DNA, genes, and chromosomes. We can now test couples and fetuses for certain inherited disorders, as well as other chromosomal and genetic abnormalities such as neural tube defects, Down syndrome, and cystic fibrosis.

Couples who are thinking about having a child may consider genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis before conception to predict any possible abnormalities in their child. Others may use the tests after they conceive to evaluate the condition of the fetus.

People who are at increased risk of passing genetic abnormalities on to their children include:

* Jews of Eastern European descent, who may have a high risk of having children with Tay-Sachs or Canavan’s, metabolic disorders that lead to death in early childhood.
* African-Americans, who may risk passing on sickle-cell anemia to their children.
* Couples of Southeast Asian or Mediterranean origin, who are at increased risk of having children with thalassemia, a severe form of anemia.
* People with family histories of inherited disorders, or those who have previously had children with genetic disorders.
* Women who were exposed to toxins that could cause birth defects.
* Women with prior medical conditions or diseases that may affect their fetus, such as diabetes.
* Couples who share a common ancestor.
* Women with a history of multiple miscarriages.
* Couples who have family members with birth defects or severe developmental problems.

Prenatal testing for genetic problems may be done before or after conception. Testing for spina bifida or Down syndrome is done after a pregnancy is established. Besides the couples listed above, counseling and diagnosis are also recommended for mothers over the age of 35, and those who have received abnormal first trimester screening tests (with nuchal translucency and maternal serum).

For those who may be at risk, genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis are used to help answer some important questions, such as:

* Should we have a baby? Are the chances of having a baby with a genetic defect so high that choosing adoption or artificial insemination may be a better way to start a family?
* How can we treat the fetus' potential defects? Are there surgical techniques available or other medical interventions that may help alleviate problems?
* How do we prepare, physically and psychologically, for the possible outcome of a pregnancy? Are there special educational classes, training, or information that we need in order to raise a child with defects?
* Should we continue the pregnancy? Are the fetus' abnormalities so severe that we might choose to have an abortion?

It is important to remember that preconception testing can only give you the odds of having a child with a certain birth defect; a genetic counselor maps out the specific numbers. You may learn, for example, that you have a one in four chance of having a child with a certain disorder. If you decide to conceive, the fetus may be able to undergo prenatal testing to show whether or not the baby has inherited the disorder.
How Can I Prepare?:

You may wish to discuss genetic counseling with your family, as well as your health care provider, who may refer you to a genetic counselor specially trained to understand the complex issues surrounding heredity and pregnancy. Find out if any medical problems run in your family, especially any problems with child development, miscarriages, stillbirths, or severe childhood illnesses. If you decide to get the blood-screening test, make sure your health care provider talks to you beforehand and answers any of your questions.
What Will Happen?:

You will be required to fill out an in-depth family history, and discuss your family's medical past with the counselor. You and your partner may also take simple blood tests, or undergo an analysis of your chromosomes known as karyotyping. All this information will be considered together to help determine what genetic patterns you may pass on to your children. If you choose to be tested after conception, one of the following tests will be used to obtain fetal cells whose genetic and chemical makeup can be analyzed in a laboratory:

* Amniocentesis, in which fluid is withdrawn from the amniotic sac and analyzed. See amniocentesis for more information.
* Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), which takes a sampling of the cells of the placenta. See CVS for more information.
* Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS), which draws fetal blood from the umbilical cord. See PUBS for more information.

What Are The Risks?:

The tests used for genetic counseling have virtually no risks. The tests used after conception, however, may cause infection, damage to the fetus, or miscarriage. For further information, see the articles on amniocentesis, CVS, and PUBS.
Frequently Asked Questions:

Q: If I am in a risk group, do I have to get tested?

A: No. It is up to you whether or not to undergo genetic counseling and prenatal testing. Your religious or philosophical beliefs, family circumstances, and personal desires all are a part of the decision-making process.

Q: If I discover I am a carrier of a certain disease, will I still be allowed to have a baby?

A: Absolutely. The point of genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis is simply to provide parents with information that they need to make important decisions. A good genetic counselor will help you figure out how to use the information you discover, but will not make any decisions for you. If you are at risk of having a baby with a disorder, you may be able to use assisted reproductive technologies to reduce the chance that your baby will be affected.

Pregnancy Through The Father's Eyes:

Men can and should share in the pregnancy experience as much as possible. Sometimes, because the woman is carrying the baby and experiencing all the physical changes, the man can feel left out. It is important for couples to share the excitement as well as work together through any anxieties that may develop.
Fathers Need To Be Healthy, Too:

As a father-to-be, it's important to recognize the lifestyle choices that can negatively influence a healthy pregnancy. For example, second-hand smoke is harmful to those who breathe it, and studies have shown the danger of smoking to developing babies. Drug and alcohol abuse also create an unhealthy environment. The best thing you can do is eliminate these before a pregnancy; that way you will provide the best possible environment for your partner and the developing baby.

Many women and men who have struggled in the past to quit smoking find that a pregnancy gives them the motivation they need to finally quit.

In addition, changing your unhealthy habits may make it easier for the mom-to-be to change her own habits -- like stop smoking, cutting back on alcohol, and eating a healthy diet. Work together and support each other!
Be Amazed!:

The actual process of how a women's egg and a man's sperm combine and develop into your baby is amazing. Watch the changes that take place in your partner's body and learn about the baby's growth to become a more active participant in the pregnancy experience.

It is helpful to go with your partner to some of her prenatal visits so you can hear the baby's heart beating and see what the baby looks like by ultrasound. You may already feel yourself beginning to bond with the tiny life that has started. On the other hand, it's perfectly ok if you don't feel a connection to the baby at this point. Men react in various ways to this early stage of pregnancy.

Attending the birthing classes together is a good experience for most couples. Not only do the classes tend to bring couples closer during the pregnancy, but it also gives you an opportunity to meet other people that can share similar experiences. This is all a build-up to the finale -- the delivery!

Seeing your baby born is probably one of the most fulfilling experiences you will ever undertake. The gift of life is totally amazing, so get ready!
Anxieties:

Throughout the pregnancy, it is not uncommon for the parents-to-be to have worries and anxieties about parenthood.

Often men have fears associated with being a good father and caretaker. It is important to express all of these concerns with your partner, so that you can both work together in coping with the expected changes and planning your new arrival.

Talk about the fears that you may have -- about the actual day of labor and delivery, about bringing a newborn baby home, and about how to manage the baby's care, your finances, and work logistics.

This is one of the biggest life changes that you will ever go through, so it is normal to feel some anxiety. Once you think through the issues and the baby is born, things will fall into place for you, your partner, and your new baby!

Does the abortion hurt?

Every woman experiences the abortion differently. During the abortion procedure, you may feel some menstrual-like (period) cramping for about one or two minutes. Your nurse will give you medications through an intravenous in your arm to relax you and help you feel more comfortable. The doctor will give you a local anesthetic ("freezing"). You may also breathe nitrous oxide ("laughing gas") using a mask. Throughout the abortion, you will be awake and in control by letting us know what you are feeling.

Will this affect my ability to get pregnant in the future?

Your fertility will not be affected when you have a safe, legal and uncomplicated abortion performed by qualified health professionals. You will be tested for (sexually-transmitted) infections at the time of your abortion, and will get some preventative antibiotics. If your tests show that you have an infection, you will be contacted for further treatment. You will also be given instructions on how to care for yourself after your abortion. The abortion procedure will not prevent you from having children later on.

Will I bleed after my abortion?

There is a range of bleeding that can happen after an abortion. Some women don't bleed at all. Some women may bleed for 1 to 2 weeks afterwards, like their menstrual period flow. Some women can bleed or spot for several weeks after their abortion. For all women, their next regular menstrual period will come between 4 to 6 weeks after their abortion. You will be given instructions on what to expect after your abortion.

Can I wear a tampon after my abortion?

We recommend that you don't put anything into your vagina for two weeks after your abortion to help prevent infection. This means that you should use pads instead of tampons for any bleeding. You should also NOT have vaginal sex, baths (okay to shower!), swim in hot tubs or pools, douche or put anything foreign into your vagina. If you do any of these things, you will increase your chance of getting an infection.

Can I have sex after my abortion?

No. We recommend that you don't put anything into your vagina for two weeks after your abortion to help prevent infection. Also, you can get pregnant after your abortion if you are not using a birth control method. Our counsellors can talk to you about birth control choices that would work for you.


Will an abortion increase my risk for breast cancer?

Recent scientific studies using proper methodology show that there is absolutely NO increased risk of breast cancer associated with abortion. Previous studies that claimed increased breast cancer risk have been scientifically shown to be inaccurate and biased.

How long will my appointment be at the clinic?

You should expect to be at the clinic for 2 to 3 hours. The abortion procedure, itself, is very short but you will need time to see your counsellor and nurse, and then recover after your abortion. If you are scheduled for a two-day abortion procedure, you can expect to be at the clinic for 1-4 hours on each day.

Do I have to pay for my abortion?

If you are a BC resident and have valid Medical Service Plan (MSP) coverage (BC Care Card), your abortion will be completely covered by the plan.

If you are from another province and have not been in BC for three months, you will have to pay a fee. However, you can apply for reimbursement of some of that fee from your own provincial health plan.
If you are a visitor to BC, you can get an abortion at the clinic for the following fees:

If you under 12 weeks pregnant: $500
If you are over 12 weeks pregnant: $550

If you require assistance in applying for BC Medical Insurance, please contact us at 604-736-7878.

Do I have to make an appointment?

All women have to schedule an appointment for an abortion or counselling in advance by telephone. No drop-ins are accepted. There is usually a 1 to 2 week waiting time to book an appointment. Please call us at 604-736-7878 to book at appointment.

Do I need a referral from a doctor?

You do not need to get a referral or written note from a doctor to book an abortion at our clinic. However, if you do see a doctor beforehand or if a doctor or clinic refers you to our clinic, please give us their name when you book your appointment. While a home pregnancy test is acceptable, we strongly suggest that you get your pregnancy confirmed at a clinic or doctor's office.

Is my friend or partner allowed into the clinic with me?

You may bring one person, male or female, with you into the clinic. For the security and confidentiality of our patients and staff, you and your friend/partner must show photo ID at the clinic. Also, we need to know the name of the person who will be coming with you ahead of time. Please give us their name when you book your appointment. No children are permitted into the clinic. Only patients are admitted into the medical area of the clinic; any accompanying person can in the waiting area or drop you off and come back to pick you up.

Can I drive after my abortion?

No. Because you are having surgery and getting medications, you cannot operate a motor vehicle for 24 hours after your abortion. You must arrange for transportation to and from the clinic on the day of your abortion. We strongly advise you to have someone take you home after your abortion.

Are your doctors "real doctors"?

Yes. All of our doctors are certified physicians with the College of Physicians & Surgeons of BC. They are all fully trained in doing abortions and have many years of experience in this field.

Do you have picketers or anti-choice protestors?

Fortunately, we rarely see any protestors outside our building or on the street. Our clinic has a legal "Bubble Zone" in front of our building that prevents protestors from picketing on the sidewalk in front of our building and several feet down the street, on both sides of our building. Within this "Bubble Zone", it is illegal for any picketers to protest, take pictures, hand out anti-choice pamphlets, and verbally or physically try to stop or intimidate someone who is going to the clinic. If you see or experience any of these things, you should tell us immediately. We are located in a large building with many other services so it is impossible for anyone to know where you are going when you are entering the building.

Can the fetus feel "pain" during the abortion?

No. The central nervous system of the fetus is not developed sufficiently to "feel" pain during the stages of pregnancy that we perform abortions (up to 16 weeks). There are some studies that suggest that the fetus may be reacting to stimuli after 24 weeks pregnancy, but there is dispute over whether the fetus is actually able to feel pain, as we know it.

Should I do a pregnancy test after my abortion?

It is not necessary to have a pregnancy test after your abortion. In fact, it may take four or more weeks for your pregnancy hormones to disappear from your blood and urine after an abortion. We will advise you if you need further blood or ultrasound tests after your procedure. You may choose to have a follow-up examination 2 weeks after your abortion to make sure that you are returning to normal.

Will I feel sad after my abortion?

Sadness is not unusual in the weeks following an abortion. Understanding that these feelings are normal and talking about them will help you. We offer post-abortion counselling to women who feel that they need it. We can also give you a referral for counselling or you can speak to your doctor if you wish. The rate of psychiatric illness after an abortion is LOWER than after childbirth.

Not only is a Pap smear safe in pregnancy, it is considered mandatory by many obstetricians. An abnormal Pap smear discovered during a pregnancy may determine the management of the pregnancy as well as management of the abnormal Pap. Thankfully, most problems, even most severely abnormal Paps, can be managed after a normal pregnancy concludes.

The Pap is a gentle scraping of cells from the mouth of your womb. It is far, far away from the pregnancy and even the mild spotting it can cause has nothing at all to do with the baby. The cells are delicate and it's not unusual to have a little spotting for a day or two, so don't panic if this happens.

So yes, you need that Pap smear--it's considered good obstetrics and must be part of the prenatal care.

Signs of Labour

Many women worry about false labour and showing up at the hospital too early, only to be sent back home. Others are concerned that they will wait too long, and end up having an unplanned delivery in the car or at home. Do you know what signs and symptoms to look out for? What are the differences between false labour and real labour? When is the right time to call your health care provider or proceed to the hospital? These are questions that almost every pregnant woman is concerned about.
The days leading up to labour

In the days before the contractions of labour begin, the uterus is “awakened” and prepared for labour. The cervix starts to soften and ripen. The body may go through a number of changes, such as the following:

• lightening and engagement, when the baby begins to descend down into the pelvis

• pressure on the pelvis and rectum, cramps and groin pain, and sometimes a persistent backache

• mre fatigue, or alternatively, sudden spurts of energy

• thickening of the vaginal discharge

• diarrhea

• release of a small amount of blood-streaked mucus from the vagina, referred to as the “bloody show”

False or preparatory labour

If you have only the following symptoms, you probably are not yet in real labour:

• irregular contractions that do not get worse or more frequent over time; sometimes they ease with time

• contractions that are of low intensity or short in duration

• pain that is confined to the lower abdomen and groin, rather than the lower back

These contractions may help prepare your uterus and cervix for labour. Monitor the contractions to see if they start to increase in frequency and intensity, and watch out for signs of real labour. If you are not sure whether you are in real labour, call your health care provider or the hospital, and they will provide you with extra guidance.
Real labour

Real labour is characterized by forceful and painful contractions. Here are a few signs and symptoms of real labour:

• ontractions that get progressively stronger, more regular, and more frequent over time

• pain in the abdomen and back, which may also spread to the legs

• release of the blood-streaked mucus from the vagina, referred to as the “bloody show,” if it has not already occurred

• rupture of the fetal membranes, causing a gush or trickle of amniotic fluid from the vagina

When to consult your health care provider

If you have any of the following signs or symptoms, call your health care provider right away or proceed to your hospital:

• regular contractions that are increasing in intensity and frequency

• pain that is worse than you anticipated

• rupture of the fetal membranes: If you feel a gush or trickle of clear fluid from your vagina, it means that your fetal membranes have ruptured. You should obtain medical help if this happens, whether or not you have started feeling labour pains yet. If your fetal membranes rupture before the onset of labour pains – a condition known as premature rupture of the fetal membranes – the baby could be at risk, and you may need to have labour induced.

• significant bleeding from your vagina: This is a medical emergency. If you have bleeding, not just spotting, at any time during your pregnancy or when labour begins, you should proceed to a hospital right away.

It is best to err on the side of caution. So if you think you might be in labour, call your health care provider.

Pregnancy Signs
Here is a list of the many possible signs associated with pregnancy. They are grouped into three categories based on their diagnostic value: positive signs of pregnancy; probable signs of pregnancy; and possible signs of pregnancy. Remember, you can have all of these signs and not be pregnant or, conversely, you can have only a few of them and actually be pregnant. These are only used as indications that should be followed up by your medical practitioner. If you think you may be pregnant, it is recommended that you do a home pregnancy test right away. The earlier you can confirm your pregnancy, the earlier you can start to take better care of yourself.

Possible signs of pregnancy

* No period or amenorrhea; other potential causes of this include fatigue, stress, hormonal problems, illness, extreme weight gain or loss, going off the pill and breastfeeding
* Just "feeling" pregnant
* Nausea and vomiting; this usually occurs two to eight weeks after conception and can also be caused by such things as food poisoning, stress or infections
* Enlargement and soreness of the breasts; this is also seen during pre-menstruation and with birth control pill use
* Increased urination; this can also be a sign of urinary tract infection, stress, or diabetes
* Fatigue
* Ptyalism (Excessive salivation)
* Stretch marks
* Spider veins: For more information on spider and varicose veins, visit our website!
* Quickening (fetal movement); some people often confuse this with gas or bowel contractions.
* Chadwick's Sign (bluish tinge to the vagina and cervix); this is also seen occasionally with impending menstruation
* Colostrum from breasts

Probable signs of pregnancy

* Enlarged abdomen; this can also be a sign of uterine fibroids or a tumor
* Positive pregnancy test
* Change in uterine shape
* Softening of the cervix (Goodell's Sign)
* Enlarging uterus
* Braxton Hicks contractions
* Palpation of the baby
* Ballottement
* Palpation of the uterine artery

Implantation Bleeding
Implantation bleeding can cause you some confusion when you are unsure whether or not you are pregnant. It is not always easy to tell what is break through bleeding, or spotting between periods, and what is actually implantation spotting. The difference between period and implantation bleeding is that implantation bleeding occurs as a result of the embryo burrowing into your endometrium. However, because implantation spotting usually occurs right around the time you would be expecting your period, it is easy to mistake it for your period or as breakthrough bleeding.

Implantation bleeding signs generally include blood that is lighter than menstrual bleeding and is either pink or brown in color. How long implantation bleeding lasts will vary from woman to woman. It is important to note, though, that spotting in early pregnancy is not the same as implantation bleeding.

Positive signs of pregnancy

* Fetal heart tones (this doesn't occur until 10-20 weeks of pregnancy)
* Sonography detection
* X-ray detection

New!
What where your pregnancy symptoms? Did you have morning sickness? Or was it your swollen breasts that gave your pregnancy away? Every woman is different, so share your story of how your knew you were pregnant at Pregnancy Stories.